类似案件判断中比较点的确定:原则、路径与运用

比较点是法官判断待决案件与指导性案例是否构成相关类似时所依赖的标准。在实践中并不存在判断类似案件的统一法则,因而比较点的构建也是因人而异。比较点既包含法律规则也包含案件事实,本质上是决定指导性案例裁判结果的判决理由,也是其指导性的体现。法官在选择比较点时应遵循两条原则:其一,比较点构成指导性案例裁判结果的充分条件;其二,比较点在内容和形式的表达上符合经济原则。在构建比较点时法官应采用初步假定、实质比对的路径,确保高效且准确地判定待决案件与指导性案例是否构成类似案件。     

代表理论与代表组成结构问题分析

代表理论的核心问题是在代表和选民之间建立一种制度约束和激励机制,保证民主选举的真正有效与民主政治的正常运行。本文认为"代表组成结构"充分体现了民主选举的优越性,将之作为选举前分配名额比例和选举中提出确定候选人名单的依据,并没有一种坚实的代表理论作为支撑。实践证明,千方百计落实事先设计的代表结构比例,反而会牺牲民主选举的真实性。应该以代表理论反思我国选举制度运行过程中出现的弊端,改进与完善人大代表的选举,使得我国人民代表大会制度有一个健康的发展。     

On the Historical Change of Human Rights Culture in China

Culture serves as the spiritual essence and moral support for human rights, whereas the latter provides the value orientation and goal for culture. human rights are universal as well as particular,since each nation fosters its own perceptions and value orientations related to human rights, which leads to the formation of a human rights culture.     

Validation studies of the ParaDNA® Intelligence System with artificial evidence items

Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is one of the mostly used systems for forensic applications. In certain circumstances, STR profiling is time-consuming and costly, which potentially leads to delays in criminal investigations. LGC (Laboratory of the Government Chemist, UK) Forensics has developed a robust STR profiling platform called the ParaDNA^® Intelligence Test System which can provide early tactical intelligence and aid investigators in making informed decisions on sample prioritization for detection. Here, we validated the ParaDNA intelligence test for its application in forensic cases using a range of mock evidence items following guidelines set by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Specifically, we tested the sensitivity and accuracy of the ParaDNA intelligence test, as well as the success rates for detecting mock samples and for use in case scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the ParaDNA intelligence test generates useful DNA profiles, especially for samples such as blood, saliva, and semen that contain ample DNA, indicating the benefits of including ParaDNA as a prior step in forensic STR profiling pipelines.     

“自治商人法”理论——戈德曼现代商人法思想评述

现代商人法是在中世纪商人法的理论和实践基础上重新兴起和建立起来的。现代商人法自二十世纪中期重新兴起以来就受到了广泛的关注,各国学者对此纷纷发表自己的看法与观点,由此展开了长达几十年的论战,大大促进了商人法理论的完善与发展。在这些有关现代商人法的理论和学说中,法国学者戈德曼的“自治商人法”理论由于其对自然法观念以及国际商业社会的现实需要的深刻反映,其所突出表现出来的“自治”精神必将对国际商人法的发展以及各国商人法的统一化进程起到不可估量的重要作用。本文将通过对戈德曼的“自治商人法”理论进行一个系统的阐述并进行相关的评述,以此获得对这一理论一个全面、客观、深刻的认识。     

羊口疮病毒环介导等温扩增快速检测方法的建立及应用

参照GenBank中登录的羊口疮病毒(ORFV)序列(Gu320351),针对OrfV的B2L基因保守区域设计了4条引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了检测OrfV的环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP),并进行了特异性试验、敏感性试验及临床样本检测。结果显示,用建立的LAMP方法对OrfV阳性样品扩增产物的电泳呈特征性梯状条带,而绵羊痘病毒、蓝舌病病毒、口蹄疫病毒、丝状支原体山羊亚种、山羊痘病毒及健康山羊皮肤的扩增产物电泳后均无扩增条带。建立的LAMP方法对OrfV的最低检出量为5.3fg,比常规PCR方法高1 000倍。表明建立的LAMP方法特异性强,敏感性高。对6份临床样本的检测结果显示,OrfV阳性检出率为83.33%(5/6),与常规PCR的符合率为100%。本试验为羊口疮病例的临床诊断和OrfV的快速检测提供了新的方法。     

恐怖组织犯罪及预防

恐怖组织犯罪是指三人或三人以上,按一定的等级、纪律和信仰结合在一起,为了实现其政治或社会目的,采用爆炸、劫机、暗杀、劫持人质等残暴方法实施的犯罪行为。其特征为:1.暴力恐怖性;2.有严密的组织纪律性;3.有较强的政治或社会目的;4.表现出狂热的精神追求和盲目的思想崇拜。在此基础上,还从政治、社会、文化和国际司法合作等方面对恐怖组织犯罪的原因及预防进行了一定的探讨。     

论党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的"有机统一"关系

关于党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的关系问题,最早出现的一种权威提法说,三者是"有机结合和辩证统一",后来,党的十六大和十七大报告将其规定为"有机统一".提法虽然稍有不同,精神则完全一致.我们对三者的"有机统一",仍然应该给以辩证的理解.在发展社会主义民主政治过程中,人民当家作主和党的领导两者既是统一的,又存在矛盾,两者构成了对立统一的关系.依法治国是实现党的领导和人民当家作主矛盾统一的条件.只有以辩证的观点看待三者的关系,才能把握"有机统一"论的真谛.     

On the Lawful Rights and Interests of Mentally Retarded Children——A case study of a rehabilitation center in Liaoning Province

Mentally retarded children are the most disadvantaged among disabled children. Since the reform and opening up, with support from the Communist Party of China, the government and the public, the legitimate rights and interests of mentally retarded children have greatly improved. But problems in this respect remain serious, and various levels of government, relevant departments and the public should attach much importance to these     

Sojourn to the Nomadic North:Beijing to Arxan

MY husband and I took a break from our busy schedules in late July 2011 to discover more of our country. Inner Mongolia,the historic and naturally beautiful meeting place of southern agrarian and northern nomadic cultures,had long been on our list of top places to visit. We decided on this occasion to do away with tour groups and headed off in our own four-wheeled transport for a five-day trip to Arxan in Northwest China’s steppe frontier.